Day 1 :
Keynote Forum
Oscar Gaunya
Ministry of Health, Kenya
Keynote: Laboratory confirmed salmonella typhi cases among patients attending busia county hospitals between the year 2015-2022
Time : 09:30-10:00
Biography:
Abstract:
Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through stool (faeces). Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food. (Pontier-Bres et al., 2012)Salmonella infections are diarrheal infections caused by the bacteria salmonella. Symptoms of a salmonella infection may include diarrhoea, fever, abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection chills, headache, nausea, or vomiting.(Pontier-Bres et al., 2012).The definitive diagnosis of enteric fever relies on the isolation of Salmonella enterica from normally sterile clinical samples, usually blood and Stool. Salmonella Antigen Test detects bacterial Antigen whereas Culture identifies Salmonella bacterial growth as well as provides isolates for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, epidemiologic typing, and molecular characterization.(A.Gordon, 2015)
Busia County is located in Western Kenya within the Lake Victoria Basin, bordering the Republic of Uganda to the West and North, Bungoma County to the North East, Kakamega County to the East and Siaya County to the South. The County is divided into seven Sub-Counties namely: - Bunyala, Butula, Matayos, Nambale, Samia, Teso North and Teso South. The county covers a geographical area of 1697 square kilometres and has altitude varying from 1130 to 1375m above sea level. Agriculture, fishing and trade are the main economic activities in Busia County. Being the entry points between Kenya and Uganda, Busia and Malaba Towns are thriving trade towns where livestock, agricultural products and manufactured goods are traded. Busia County has an estimated population of 922,352 which is 1.9% of the National population. The annual population growth rate is 2.54% and Teso South Sub-County has the highest population of 173,453 people with Budalang’i having the lowest of 73,853.(KNBS, 2019). To determine the distribution and the burden of Laboratory Confirmed Salmonella cases in Busia County. This was achieved by obtaining Laboratory surveillance data for Salmonella typhi cases from Laboratory registers in all the 7 Sub-County hospital Laboratories between the year 2015-2022.
- Antimicrobial Agents and Resistance
Location: Rome, Italy
Session Introduction
Aniba Rafik
Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Morocco
Title: Prevalence and antibiotics resistance of uropathogenic Staphylococci, Casablanca, Morocco, a retrospective cross-sectional study
Time : 09:30-10:00
Biography:
Aniba Rafik is currently a Phd student of Microbiology and Molecular biology at the Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Beni Mellal city and he works at the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources. ANIBA does research in Infectious Diseases and Molecular Epidemiology. Their main research interest is in the molecular characterization of antimicrobiol resistance and MDR bacteria.
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to evaluate the resistance profile in Uropathogenic Staphylococci bacteria isolated from medical analysis laboratories in Casablanca, Morocco.This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study in which a total of 4374 patients visited medicals analysis laboratories, for urinalysis tests from 01 January 2017 to 30 December 2020. The culture was performed according to the usual techniques and the antibiogram was done according to the recommendations of the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology. The statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft 2016).
During our study, we reported 18% of UTI, UTI was more frequent in females 483 (63%) than male 289(37%). the prevalence of Uropathogenic Staphylococci bacteria was 37,61%. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal (CoNS) was more prevalent (92,68%). S. saprophyticus was the most frequently isolated CoNS (39,47%). S. aureus species were also isolated (7,32%). Methicillin resistance S. aureus (MRSA) was observed in 66 % of S. aureus isolates. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to aminoglycosides, quinolones, erythromycin, linezolid, cotrimoxazole and vancomycin. Also, S. saprophyticus isolates were highly resistant to Fusidic acid (60%), However, 66,66 % of the S. heomolyticus isolates were resistant to kanamycin, Tobramycin. For S. heomolyticus, S. Hominis and S. warneri, we also demonstrated 100% sensitivity to Linezolid, cotrimoxazole and vancomycin.
The established resistance accompanied by high-rate percentage methicillin resistance requires careful consideration to antimicrobial therapy and continued antimicrobial resistance surveillance.
K. M. Yacob
Marma Health Centre, India
Title: Fever is not a symptom in covid-19. None of the diseases require fever as its symptom
Biography:
He is a practicing physician in the field of healthcare in the state of Kerala in India for the last 30 years and very much interested in basic research. His interest is spread across the fever, inflammation and back pain.
Abstract:
We have been hearing for centuries that ‘fever is not a disease but a symptom’. Physicians say that fever is a symptom of diseases like flu to cancer.The conservative fever definition, diagnosis, and treatments are based on fever as a symptom.All the studies related to fever as a symptom of a disease have been done without knowing the Purpose of the temperature of fever is.Without knowing the Purpose of the temperature of fever, how can fever included in the symptom definition? Temperature between 38o to 41o centigrade can be symptom of a disease?Most of the diseases may not have a fever. Sometimes it disappears. Then, is fever a symptom of which disease?Symptom Definition is the only parameter necessary for a Symptom. As with any or all other definitions, symptom definition should describe the symptom scientifically. If it cannot describe clearly, there is no use of a symptom definition. A symptom is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed only by a patient, indicating the presence of disease or abnormality. One cannot be understood directly the temperature is elevated in the hypothalamus. A mechanical device is necessary to measure elevated temperature in the hypothalamus. In symptom definition, fever definition can’t be found. The elevation of body temperature is not included in symptom definition.
Hector Magno
Independent Computer Scientist, USA
Title: Measuring the benefits of mass vaccination programs in the United States
Biography:
Hector Magno is a researcher, data analyst, and software developer. He attended UC Berkeley as a Regent and Chancellor’s Scholar and earned a degree in Computer Science. He also attended UC Berkeley as a National Science Foundation fellow, earned a graduate degree in Computer Science, and received the National Science Foundation Award in Mathematics.
Abstract:
Measuring the Benefits of Mass Vaccination Programs in the United States: Since the late 1940s, mass vaccination programs in the USA have contributed to the significantly reduced morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases. To assist the evaluation of the benefits of mass vaccination programs, the number of individuals who would have suffered death or permanent disability in the USA in 2014, had mass vaccination never been implemented, was estimated for measles, mumps, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), hepatitis B, varicella, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The estimates accounted for mortality and morbidity trends observed for these infections prior to mass vaccination and the impact of advances in standard of living and health care. The estimates also considered populations with and without known factors leading to an elevated risk of permanent injury from infection. Mass vaccination prevented an estimated 20 million infections and 12,000 deaths and permanent disabilities in 2014, including 10,800 deaths and permanent disabilities in persons at elevated risk. Though 9000 of the estimated prevented deaths were from liver cirrhosis and cancer, mass vaccination programs have not, at this point, shown empirical impacts on the prevalence of those conditions. Future studies can refine these estimates, assess the impact of adjusting estimation assumptions, and consider additional risk factors that lead to heightened risk of permanent harm from infection.
Ovidiu Zlatian
University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
Title: Antimicrobial consumption in the intensive care unit leads to resistance development in bacteria involved in pulmonary infections
Biography:
Ovidiu Zlatian has completed his PhD at the age of 35 years from University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania. He is specialist in laboratory medicine and begun working in the microbiology laboratory of the regional hospital of Craiova. Academically, he is in present lecturer at the microbiology department of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania. He has published more than 25 papers in reputed journals and participated in numerous conferences in the field.
Abstract:
The study aimed to asses correlations between the consumption of antimicrobial agents and the prevalence of bacterial infections and resistance to antimicrobials. We studied 530 endotracheal intubated patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a regional hospital from Romania, collected tracheal secretion samples and analyzed them microbiologically. We performed correlations between aggregated monthly and quarterly resistances with consumption of antimicrobial agents (number of vials/month) in the department. Significant correlations were verified by regression. We detected a strong correlation between the consumption of ciprofloxacin and Pseudomonas resistance to meropenem (r = 0.8565, p = 0.0066) and between consumption of ampicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance (r = 0.6570 , p = 0.0281). The evolution of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was correlated with the consumption of piperacillin with tazobactam (r = 0.7852, p = 0.0643). Gentamicin resistance of Klebsiella was inversely correlated with ciprofloxacin consumption (r = -0.6311, p = 0.0504) and piperacillin with tazobactam consumption with tigecycline resistance (r = 0.8155, p = 0.0925). The evolution of MAR index of Klebsiella was correlated with the consumption of piperacillin/tazobactam (r = 0.7768, p = 0.0692) and strong consumption of moxifloxacin (r = 0.9734, p = 0.0011). Quarterly index of resistance of Klebsiella correlated strongly with that of Pseudomonas (r = 0.9690 , p = 0.0014 ) , but with significantly different values (Cohen 's d = 1.802, p = 0.011). The presence of these correlations necessitates monitoring anti-bacterial chemotherapy treatment in ICU and resistance of bacteria involved in pulmonary infections.